Australia offers multiple visa pathways for skilled professionals, but choosing the right option can be confusing. The two most common routes are General Skilled Migration (GSM) and Employer-Sponsored visas. Understanding the differences between these categories is essential for planning a successful migration strategy.
What is General Skilled Migration (GSM)?
The General Skilled Migration (GSM) program is a points-based immigration system designed to attract highly skilled workers to Australia. Unlike employer-sponsored visas, GSM does not require a job offer. Instead, applicants are invited based on their qualifications, skills, work experience, and English proficiency.
The main GSM visa subclasses are:
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Subclass 189 – Skilled Independent Visa
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Subclass 190 – Skilled Nominated Visa
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Subclass 491 – Skilled Work Regional (Provisional) Visa
These visas are issued through an invitation system, where candidates lodge an Expression of Interest (EOI) and are ranked based on their points.
Key Features of GSM Visas
| Feature | 189 Visa | 190 Visa | 491 Visa |
|---|---|---|---|
| Visa Type | Permanent Residency | Permanent Residency | Provisional (5 years) |
| Invitation By | Federal Government | State/Territory Government | State/Territory Government |
| Extra Points | 0 | +5 points | +15 points |
| Residency Requirement | No restriction | Must live in nominating state | Must live in regional area |
| Path to PR | Direct | Direct | Via Subclass 191 |
The Subclass 189 visa offers the most flexibility as it has no state restrictions. The Subclass 190 visa provides 5 additional points but requires applicants to live in the nominating state. The Subclass 491 visa offers 15 extra points and is ideal for those willing to live and work in regional Australia, with a pathway to permanent residency through the Subclass 191 visa after three years.
What are Employer-Sponsored Visas?
Employer-sponsored visas are designed for skilled workers who already have a job offer in Australia. These visas depend on employer sponsorship rather than points.
The major employer-sponsored visas include:
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Subclass 482 – Temporary Skill Shortage (TSS) Visa
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Subclass 186 – Employer Nomination Scheme (Permanent)
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Subclass 494 – Skilled Employer Sponsored Regional (Provisional)
These pathways require applicants to meet specific work experience, skill, and employer nomination criteria. Unlike GSM, the visa outcome is directly tied to the sponsoring employer.
State Nomination and Residency Obligations
For Subclass 190 and 491 visas, applicants must sign a declaration agreeing to live in the nominating state for a specific period—usually two to three years. Failure to meet this commitment can lead to withdrawal of nomination and visa complications.
The 491 visa also has regional conditions. However, time spent offshore still counts toward the three-year requirement for applying for the Subclass 191 permanent visa, as long as applicants can provide evidence of regional residence when in Australia.
Which Pathway is Right for You?
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If you prefer independence and flexibility, GSM visas (189/190/491) are ideal.
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If you already have a job offer, employer-sponsored visas (482/186/494) may be faster and more practical.
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If your points are lower, the 491 regional visa can be an excellent pathway to PR.
Choosing the right visa depends on your occupation, location preference, and long-term career goals. Careful planning and professional guidance can greatly improve your chances of success.